Papers

The introduced ant, Pachycondyla chinensis (Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a pest in northwestern South Carolina, and areas of North Carolina and Tennessee in the United States. First documented in the United States over 70 years ago, it only recently has achieved pest status. This exo...

Choice experiments determined sucrose bait base preference by using laboratory colonies of 10 species of urban pest ants, namely Monomorium pharaonis (L.), Monomorium floricola (Jerdon), Monomorium destructor (Jerdon), Monomorium orientale Mayr, Tapinoma indicum (Forel), Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fab...

Baiting offers an integral tool in the management of ants. Baiting trials with Camponotus modoc were successful in 55% of field trials with two granular, three gel, and two containerized baits in 2005-2007. Results with two granular, three gel, and four containerized baits in laboratory trials yield...

Several ant species have association to human structures in Brazil and their presence promotes problems such as contamination of food, damage to electronic appliances, and allergies due to the their venom. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of a methoprene-based bait against diff...

A novel semi-liquid ant bait matrix containing imidacloprid between 0.001 and 0.1% destroyed all laboratory colonies of Pharaoh’s ant in a dose related time span. Best performance was observed with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1% imidacloprid. Two concentrations (0.01 and 0.05%) were field ...

Climatic changes, tourism and travel, intensive product deliveries, especially of tropical plants, all contribute to the growth of ant infestations in Europe. These rapidly adopting ant species might need to be more thoroughly learnt and understood and possibly new, inventive eradication systems be ...

The invasive ant species complex was determined within three Puerto Rican housing developments of different ages (one, four, and eight years old). Frequency and relative abundance data were collected from each site. A total of 19 different ant species were identified from the sites, with the major p...

Invasive ants present a serious threat to humans, wildlife and sensitive environmental habitats. The nature of these sensitive sites such as schools, nursing homes, parks, and zoos prevent the widespread application of insecticides to control ants and encourage alternative strategies. The presence o...

Based on historical data on the number of inquiries to the advisory service at the Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory we have tried to analyse the variation in bed bug infestations in Denmark since the 1950s. The bed bug problems in Denmark have gone from low levels in the 1950s, gradually increasin...

The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has made a rapid and unexpected comeback in the United States. In an online survey of 509 U.S. pest control firms, 91% encountered bed bugs in the past two years, whereas only 37% recalled seeing them five years ago. Perpetual movement of people, zero tolerance for...

From 2001 to 2004, Australia experienced a resurgence in bed bug infestations involving both the common (Cimex lectularius) and Tropical (Cimex hemipterus) species. It was found that all Australian mainland states had experienced an exponential rise in bed bug infestations since 2001, with an overal...

Pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides are frequently used for bed bug control. A baseline susceptibility study for commonly used insecticides was carried out with a susceptible C. lectularius laboratory strain. LD50-values against a susceptible strain in a contact bioassay format a...

Seven commercial pest control products were assayed against Cimex lectularius (L.) adults and 4th instar nymphs under laboratory conditions for 48 hr. After initial exposure a selection of the porous plates were aged under mixed lighting, at 22ºC for 5 weeks, and assayed using 4th instar nymphs to d...

Widespread resistance to conventional residual neurotoxic insecticides such as pyrethroids is likely to be a major factor in bed bug infestations. To identify an insecticide with an alternative mode of action that is effective against the bed bug, the juvenile hormone analogue (S)-methoprene, was ev...

Structural fumigation for household nuisance pests, like cockroaches or ants, is generally considered to be prohibitively expensive. However, for pests that are of public health importance, fumigation may be a more viable option than previously thought. Infestations of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius...

The Asian cockroach, Mizukubo, was discovered in large numbers in southeast Alabama in 2003. We surveyed southern Alabama and Georgia to determine the distribution of this species. We found that was established in 7 counties in Georgia and 8 counties in Alabama. Basic ecology and behavior studies we...

Modern bait formulations have been used successfully to control infestations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) since the mid 1980s. Because of the slow-acting insecticides used in most bait formulations, unmetabolized insecticide may be excreted in the feces and oral secretions, and ...

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin 1912 and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin 1976 were tested against Periplaneta americana cockroach under laboratory conditions (1.1 x 106 conidia/cockroach, 24 ± 2°C and 50 ± 10% RH). The isolates tested against nymphs and adults ...

Dietary carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins constitute the nutrient reserves for the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Adults collected from an urban population were evaluated by their body weight and for their storage and utilization of metabolic reserves. Mean dry body weight of females c...

Secondary kill of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L)., by baits was reported to increase the overall control efficacy of bait products. However, most studies have been based on laboratory strains and small nymphs. We compared the secondary kill of four cockroach gel baits against various ...

Wood construction materials were exposed to eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes, for 8 wk to determine termite damage and changes in thermal properties. Termite tunnels allowed heat to flow unobstructed through the sample resulting in ~35% increase in temperature (damaged vs. unda...

The transmission of arboviruses is a major risk factor in many regions of the world including Europe. Continuing eco-climatic changes create suitable conditions for the re-emergence vector-borne diseases in Europe. Malaria was eradicated in all countries of the Region in the early 1960s except some ...

ncreased global connectivity, integration and interdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political and ecological spheres have created special challenges for the pest management service industry: meeting customer needs while remaining economically competitive. While automated ...

Mass emergences of adult caddisflies often lead to severe nuisance conditions. The objective of this study is to clarify the abundance and seasonal trend of adult caddisflies in the middle reaches of the Shinano River. All of the adult caddisflies attracted to the illuminated showcase of a vending m...

Seasonal and annual intensity of foraging pestiferous yellowjackets in California (USA) was determined with wet capture traps using heptyl butyrate (HB) lure. Although 3 species were sympatric at every test site, the most abundant at > 85 to 90% of total was V. pensylvanica (Saussure). There was ...

Economically and environmentally sustainable pest management requires an integrated approach. Pesticides are one of many tools used in IPM. Majority of non-agriculture and structural pest management focuses on pesticide applications for right of way, turf and landscape, rangelands and indoors. Pesti...

For many years exports from India, in common with most other countries supplying tobaccos, were commonly found to be infested with the tobacco or cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, on arrival in the United Kingdom. In most cases this resulted in re-fumigation before the shipments were allowed ...

Providing pest control services to modern Medical and Ancillary Care Facilities requires using the latest integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. All aspects of integrated pest management, including pest identification, monitoring, and inspection must be included din the pest control program de...

German cockroach is the most common pest of urban, low-income housing and is associated with high pesticide use by residents. Cockroach allergen is implicated in asthma exacerbation and initiation and in the growing social and medical aspects of the disease. A safe and secure home environment is an ...

There has been a movement away from relying solely on pesticides to solve indoor pest problems in response to public concerns over pesticide use, pesticide resistance, and the possibility that pesticide applications may contaminate the environment. Pesticides regardless of rating as highly toxic or ...

Tapinoma melanocephalum F. (Ghost Ant) infestations have increased in Western Europe. Generally, Ghost Ant infestations resemble those of Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh’s Ant) with a focus to older, multi-unit apartment blocks which offer a multitude of nesting opportunities and easy migration of ant...

The Urban Pest Advisory Service (UPAS) is responsible for urban pests in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. We give approximately 2,000 consultations per year concerning pests and their control; we survey the pest situation in the city and control rats in public areas. Through a survey made among pest...

In 1999, the Master Pest Control Technician (MPCT) course was created at Clemson University, (USA: Clemson, South Carolina 29634) to provide training for general pest control technicians. The course was designed to provide detailed, practical instruction about household and structural pest control i...

The knockdown activity after 1, 24 and 48 hr and mortality after 24 and 48 hr against 4th instar larvae (female, male) of Plodia interpunctella, were evaluated on glass, ceramic tile and porous tile. Groups of 20 larvae were placed for 5 or 15 minutes in an artificially lighted environment at 25±2°C...

Natural pyrethrum and its synthetic analogues are among the most widely used insecticides in medical, veterinary and agricultural use. Low application rates, rapid knock-down and kill, range of duration of activity and good mammalian safety profile make them an active of choice in most domestic appl...

Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that affects the physiology of morphogenesis, reproduction and embryogenesis of insects. It exhibits a high level of activity against mosquito larvae inhibiting adult emergence at very low dose rates. It has low mammalian toxicity and environmental impact. ...

Laboratory testing of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LN’s) includes assessment of bio-efficacy and determination of insecticide retention after washings. The standard WHO washing method recommends the use of deionizded water with a hardness of 0 ppm (water without Ca++ and Mg++). In the cont...

In order to elucidate the role of temperature as a crucial survival factor for human body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), we investigated the influence of different temperature regimes on survival of adult lice after their last blood meal as well as on oviposition and egg hatch rates. The Federal ...

Dengue is transmitted to humans by day-biting mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Primary prevention of this debilitating disease is through vector (mosquito) control: spraying for adult mosquitoes and applying larvicides to standing water. This presentation provides an overvie...

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting most warm blooded animals. The parasite can cause spontaneous abortions and foetal abnormalities and induce serious illness in immuno-compromised patients. Humans are intermediate hosts and can become infected via cat faeces. Previous re...

Plasmodium vivax reemerged in 1993 after a hiatus of 14 years and increased exponentially among South Korean military and civilian populations through 1998. With increased use of chemoprophylaxis by the South Korean military, malaria stabilized and then sharply decreased through 2004. Malaria cases ...

Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Abstract The development of any urban area has been followed by dramatic changes in floral and faunal biodiversity, which also touches upon vectors of human and animal diseases, and provides strong impacts on wildlife-p...

The potential of combination using of chitin-synthesis inhibitor, triflumuron, synthetic pyrethroid, lambdacyhalothrin and carbamate, bendiocarb was assessed to control and evaluated for effectiveness against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) under practical conditions. More than 7...

The processes of urbanization is accompanied by attraction to settlements, the synanthropization, of many systematic groups of animals including arthropods. Synanthropization of some vectors of diseases agents, means augmentation of their contacts to people and increase of epidemiological danger. Th...

The first case of hard ticks, Dermacentor reticulatus (F.) and Ixodes ricinus (L.), as well as mites, Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst), and rat lice living in the ground floor office of an apartment building of the city of Minsk, Byelorussia is described. Ectoparasites appeared in the end of November in...

Inhalation of acetone at concentrations above the permissible exposure level (PEL) has been reported to cause adverse effects on human central nervous system, characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness and motor incoordination. The PEL in most European Union countries is limited to 500 ml/m3. This...

Surveys of mosquitoes were carried out in the area of Milan in 2006 and in 2007. Nineteen species were collected. The most important were: Culex pipiens, C. modestus and C. hortensis, two Ochlerotatus caspius and O. detritus and three Aedes vexans, A. geniculatus and A. cinereus. Stegomyia albopictu...

Catches of mosquitoes and sand flies in CO2 traps baited with three different lures and an unbaited control were compared. The lures examined were carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide plus 1-octen-3-ol, and carbon dioxide plus human hair in ethanol. Studies using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, with 3 sets o...

The species composition and abundance of chironomid midges attracted to the illuminated showcase of a vending machine, set on the riverside in the middle reaches of the Shinano River (Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture, Japan), were investigated. A total of 4,439 midges (1,719 males and 2,720 females) wer...

Flights of chironomid midges have caused some problems for residents around water treatment works. The development of physical and biological control strategies against chironomid midges is needed because chemical control is not feasible in slow sand filter beds. In this study seasonal changes in th...

raps that use ultraviolet light as an attractant for flies are widely used in urban situations. To determine the differences in trap efficacy from design and lighting, pairs of traps were compared under laboratory conditions. Comparisons were made between traps with open fronts and with traps with r...

Aedes (Stegomyia) female mosquitoes feed on sap of herbaceous indoor plants and blood of small mammals. This study investigates whether the female Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus provided with sugar solution and mouse blood are still attracted to human after feeding. Laboratory caged females of Aedes...

Although the majority of flaviviruses are endemic in tropical or sub-tropical region, certain species are often detected in Europe as well. In central Europe, the Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus is endemic in several geographic regions. Amongst the mosquito-borne flaviviruses the West Nile virus (WNV)...

In this paper the most important ecological characteristics of arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses and the recent emergence of some pathogens in Europe are reviewed. In early July 2007 the first autochthonous Chikungunya virus outbreak occurred in Europe between July and September 2007. A local transmiss...

In Austria the research activity for developing alternatives to insecticides controlling mosquito pests is closely related to Usutu-virus (Flaviviridae) epidemics found in 2001. The decision making of those Austrian communities mentioned in this paper is orientated on prevention of the urban inhabit...

The use of bait in a bait station may significantly alter bait acceptance, and consequently its efficacy for rodent control. Here, we describe a method for efficacy testing of rodent bait stations under laboratory conditions. Bait stations are tested in an experimental setup of three test chambers (...

Rattus rattus is considered to have a less omnivorous diet than R. norvegicus, preferring fruit, seeds and grains. Therefore, the efficacy of existing commercial (Sorex) difenacoum rodenticide bait formulations against R. rattus was uncertain and studies were undertaken to determine their efficacy. ...

For the development of a methodology for the population management of brown rats, taking into consideration seasonal population dynamics in space and in time, as well as changes in the age composition of the population, two experiments were held. One of them was conducted in the rice fields of the K...

When the fathers of public health were establishing the environmental health industry in the 19th century, there were five main problems facing them: poor housing conditions; inadequate pest control; a lack of proper drainage; polluted air quality; and an unwholesome supply of water. Today we have p...

Records show that the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), was common in the early years of the 20th century, but in developed countries declined steadily from the 1930s onwards, and remained at a relatively low level through the 1970’s – 1990’s. However, in developed countries, there were nonetheless s...

The Urban Pest Advisory Service (UPAS) is responsible for urban pests in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. We give approximately 2,000 consultations per year concerning pests and their control, survey the pest situation in the city and control rats in public areas. We present data on the temporal cha...

This study investigated the effects of food deprivation on survival, cannibalism, body weight, and hindgut symbiotic protist communities in Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Termite groups in natural worker and soldier ratio were tested in Petri dishes that were half f...

To minimize pesticide use and intrusion to homes, we evaluate the efficacy of an innovative limited interior perimeter plus external perimeter application of imidacloprid as an IPM option in post-construction termite control in a dilution of ratio 1:400. Seven private houses were chosen for the rese...

A termite baiting system was evaluated in field experiments in Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the Philippines. Alpha-cellulose powder containing chlorfluazuron (Requiem™) was tested for its efficacy in eliminating colonies of subterranean termites in landscape and orchard trees. Traditional meth...

Twenty-six treatments were conducted using an integrated management approach to removing subterranean termite infestations from structures on the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA campus. Termite infestations were identified by building occupants followed by an inspection, development of an act...

The importance of termite (Isoptera) population for world ecology is based on: it is extremely populated order; this order increases its population during many years; these insects have a big importance because of destroying wood construction; the taxon has important effect on concentration of globa...

Reticulitermes santonensis (Rhinotermitidae) is a subterranean termite that infests urban areas in France where it causes serious economic damages. It is largely accepted that French populations of R. santonensis have been founded by the introduction of a North American species, R. flavipes. Underst...

Termite activity had been continuously monitored in four sections of City Park since 2002. Between 2002 and 2005, 12 distinct Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, colonies had been delineated using mark-release-recapture techniques. This study examines how the distribution ...