SYSTEM of SYNANTHROPIC ARTHROPODS in URBAN ENVIRONMENTS in RUSSIA

Abstract:
A complex of synanthropic arthropoda that inhabit a variety of rural and urban localities is systemized depending on the different parameters. These include the type of harm caused by arthropoda to people, including: arthropoda that are vectors and agents of infectious diseases; arthropoda that cause economical detriment, such as pests of food, cloth, and other materials; and accidental pests, such as arthropoda that by chance get from rural to urban areas, for example, wasps. The time of synanthropization is important, and includes: historical synanthropes — for example, lice and fleas; synanthropes from an early age — for example, the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forsk.; synanthropes from 60-80 years of age — for example, the tick Ornythonyssus bacoti Hirst and common black ants. The ways of synanthropization include: species dwelling in natural biotopes surrounding urban localities, or occupying new antropogenous biotopes; arthropoda delivered from other localities by transport of food, materials, and goods. In the first way, arthropoda occupy open biotopes more often; in the second, they settle in buildings and rooms. Urban territory is divided into distinct categories: 1) Outlying districts. Here are bloodsucking flies and flies from the suburbs; 2) Parks, gardens, and other vegetation zones. Here are bloodsucking flies and Ixodide ticks; 3) Sporadically occupied buildings and rooms; 4) Constantly occupied buildings and rooms. In these last two categories live bed bugs, fleas, rat ticks, mosquitoes, cockroaches, flies, ants, and pests of food and goods; 5) Strictly people, their clothing and bed-linen. This biotope is colonized by bloodsucking arthropoda, such as lice, itch-mites, and rat ticks. For every category of urban biotopes there is a complex of peculiarities, composition of ecological types, species of arthropods, and control methods.