Papers

The effective disposal of solid refuse from the urban environment is a fundamental requirement for a healthy city. Waste materials may be classified according to their origin and disposal technique. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is waste produced by the home, retail sector, offices, hotels, and simila...

Predictions for world human population trends predict exponential growth. The close relationship between commensal rodents and human populations suggests that the commensal rodent population may also increase exponentially, perhaps most dramatically in those areas which are least able to cope. The p...

German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), live in aggregates and are able to return to their resting sites. Stability of aggregates is ensured both by individual navigation abilities and by conspecific recognition. Naviga tion capacities (estimated by orientation angle of escape direction and by...

The aim of this study was to investigate food bait preference in Blattella germanica (L.) cockroaches in relation to age and to compare their feeding preferences in several choice situations. Food choice presents two components: attractiveness measured by food type eaten first and feeding stimulatio...

Combining methods for cockroach control is often prevented by the perception that gel baits are easily contaminated by other insecticides. The objectives were to determine the ability of liquid and dust insecticides to contaminate a cockroach control bait. A gel bait (Maxforce, 2.15% hydramethylnon)...

Necrophagy was shown to provide efficient transfer of fipronil toxicity from poisoned oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis(L.)) cadavers to groups of untreated cockroaches in laboratory experiments. Adult females poisoned with Goliath gel deposits of 0.1 - 40 mg 0.05% w/w a.i. formulation were indi...

Though much is known about cockroach baiting systems, that knowledge is highly compart-mentalised, reducing its utility. We advocate an integrated approach to the study of cockroach baiting, which focuses on the interactions among various food components, and readily integrates across behavioural, p...

Numerous studies have shown that German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), are often resistant to insecticides in settings where insecticides have been used extensively in the past. We have now examined resistance in German cockroaches collected in homes in which insecticide usage has been minim...

The present investigation demonstrates the effect of a single treatment with a chitin synthesis inhibitor (lufenuron) on small, medium and large nymphs as well as adults of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The trial was conducted as a long-term field study in three mass food producing...

Field studies were conducted to compare the performance of Goliath® Cockroach Gel (fipronil) and a spray treatment of Cislin Residual Insecticide® (deltamethrin). These were carried out in Sydney, NSW, Australia against Blattella germanica (L), and Townsville, Queensland, against a mixed population ...

Urban entomology has grown dramatically in the last 25 years and has attained a disciplinary status within the entomological and pest management community. As urban centers have grown throughout the world, the importance of the control of arthropods and insects associated with humans and their struc...

The long-term management of a population of Australian cockroaches, Periplaneta australasiae, causing serious damage to valuable plant species in a United Kingdom tropical plant house, was achieved using a juvenile hormone analogue. (S)-hydroprene was applied as a ULV cold mist every three or four m...

Twenty three strains of field populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) collected from hotels and restaurants from various localities in peninsular Malaysia were tested for their susceptibility to commonly used insecticides (propoxur, bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, pirim...

Swine production is an important component of North Carolina’s agricultural economy. Cockroaches have long been recognized as important pests in swine production and severe infestations may contribute significantly to disease maintenance and transmission. However, management of cockroach populations...

Preliminary studies in experimental structures at Agricultural Research Service in Gainesville resulted in the development of a rabbit-anti-cockroach polyclonal ELISA inhibition system for assessing spatial distribution of cockroach antigens for subsequent mitigation interventions. The system was te...

Pharaoh’s ants, Monomorium pharaonis, are one of the more difficult indoor pest ants to control. We studied if routine exterior monitoring and initiating baiting when infestations are incipient, will prevent infestations inside a building. The study was conducted at a 7,841 m2 two-level building wit...

Pharaoh ants, Monomorium pharaonis, are significant pests associated with man and his environment. Chemical sprays are not ideal control methods if they cause the ants to disperse. There is a preference for bait treatments that provide a means to use ant biology to transfer slow-acting compounds int...

Carpenter ants feed on both liquid and solid food. Baiting for carpenter ants has proceeded using both of these media to introduce toxicants into the colony for control. Ingestion of food particles larger than 100 microns is effectively curtailed by the specializations of the epipharynx, hypopharynx...

Controlling Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) can be extremely difficult and lengthy since the ants’ appearance inside a building may vary by day and the location. There are no long lasting ant trails like in other species and even the preference for food may vary within the day (carbohydrates, fruit jui...

The distance and speed that workers of Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), dispersed food was determined by feeding colonies sucrose + red dye. The maximum distances that the dye was dispersed was 33, 48, and 54 m at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The addition of 0.001% and 0.0001% fipron...

Skin lesions resulting from arthropod exposure may arise via various pathologic pathways. There may be direct damage to human skin from mouthparts, fangs, stingers, etc., or indirect damage such as immune reactions to arthropod saliva or venom injected upon biting. Hypersensitivity may develop again...

The history of natural and synthetic bioanalogues of insect juvenile hormone (JH), juvenoids is more than 40 years old. The first JH-active lipid extracts prepared from the cecropia moths in 1956. The first JH-active was an isoprenoid farnesol isolated in 1961, then “pseudojuvenilizing” or JH-mimeti...

The California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson), is a reservoir of bubonic plague throughout most of its range. Three species of fleas occur on these animals; Oropsylla montana (Baker), Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker), and the sticktight flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood). Des...

The human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis - the main vector of both human spotted fever (rickettsiosis) and relapsing fever (borreliosis) - is maintained for insecticide efficacy tests and is commonly reared on rabbits as substitute hosts. A membrane feeding technique may offer a return to the...

In 1994 evidence was obtained that insecticide resistance in head lice was spreading in the United Kingdom and other countries. The situation was not being managed correctly by the health authorities in UK for two reasons: primary health care workers adhered to rigid procedures regardless of the cha...

The pattern of pre-copulatory and copulatory behaviour of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) was studied. Male attraction to female and subsequent copulation operate under the control of pheromones. Both engorged and unengorged (questing) females emit volatile substances which attract males, causin...

The development of infestations of Musca domestica was evaluated in a factory for the treatment of urban solid undifferentiated waste over a period of one year and control strategies were implemented. The waste treatment produces a compost used for the improvement of agricultural soil. The factory, ...

In 1996-97 response reactions of urban populations of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected in Moscow and Moscow were studied against long-term influence of industrial pollutants and insecticide press. Reaction on the industrial influence evaluated for fecundity and on the insecticide press for ...

Vespine wasps forage routinely collecting wood fibres for nest construction, insects/insect larvae for protein and also for sources of carbohydrate. It has been suggested widely that, as the nest begins to age, wasps may be found to forage more aggressively for carbohydrate, becoming a nuisance to h...

The oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, was considered the parasite of the two rat species in Israel, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, in their area of common distribution along the coastal plain. This flea does not exist on R. rattus which is found in the interior of the country. After R. no...

We explored decontamination measures which would minimise risk of exposure. Decontamination and cleaning methods were chosen according to the structure of treated surface area and the properties of the active compound. Commercial cleaning agents were used to decontaminate areas treated with insectic...

Control of insects by the consumer, within the home and around the perimeter to prevent pest invasion requires products that have certain key features. These include fast action, extended activity, low/no odor, no marking/staining of surfaces, and convenience of application. Current products that ar...

The utility of fipronil and perhaps other phenylpyrazoles for German cockroach, Blattella germanica, control may be affected by resistance to cyclodienes in field populations, because of cross resistance between these two classes of insecticides. Field populations of B. germanica were sampled for th...

Demand CS® (lambda-cyhalothrin) has been designed specifically for use in urban pest management. The product is based on microencapsulation technology which encloses the liquid active ingredient in a polymer shell to provide protection against hostile environmental conditions. Electron microscopy an...

The European Union has by Directive 93/43/EEC required that member states adopt the main principles of HACCP, (Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points). HACCP is a total quality management system for food safety which if implemented fully would result in a minimal level of contamination of food. ...

The food industry is undergoing major changes following the introduction, by law, of HACCP. Many food companies are going along the road of having their HACCP system externally verified/accredited/certified and, more commonly, are seeking Hygiene Accreditation which includes such pre-requisites as p...

For over 50 years methyl bromide has been used in ever increasing quantities for broad-spectrum pest control and eradication. In dry food manufacturing its good penetrative properties both into commodities and into the structural complexities of buildings made it a very useful “blanket” eradication ...

The data presented here addresses a new approach to the package evaluations which differs in all aspects from previous techniques except for the use of destructive sampling. Our evaluations are for a maximum period of a life-cycle of the challenging pest. By keeping the effect for their life stages ...

The French Quarter of New Orleans is the site for a new national campaign against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, an exotic species that now infests 13 states. The campaign includes the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, the Louisiana State Uni...

Populations of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were characterized on a 141,645 m2 research facility in New Orleans, Louisiana. 32.7% of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda), 12.5% cedar (Juniperus sp.), 8.2% live oaks (Quercus virginiana), and 4.6% of baldcypress (Taxodium di...

Monitoring stations of were used to observe foraging and feeding behavior of Reticulitermes at the Institute of Forest Genetics (IFG) near Placerville, and at a site in Novato. At IFG 53 monitoring stations were used by cuticular hydrocarbon phenotype A, 10 by phenotype B, and 5 by phenotype C. At N...

A sensor comprised of a wooden monitor on which a conductive circuit of silver particle emulsion was painted was placed in a monitoring/baiting station to detect foraging activity of the subterranean termite, Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren on Little Cayman. Sensor accuracy was 100% one month after i...

Many historical sites in Italy suffer severe damages to wood structures, works of art and ancient books due to well established subterranean termite populations (Reticulitermes sp., R. lucifugus lucifugus, R. lucifugus corsicus). In six field tests, termite colonies were treated with a baiting proce...

The pest control industry has historically been driven by the developments of new and better chemistry. Equipment needs of the industry have traditionally lagged behind the needs of the industry - leaving pest control companies to often invent and modify their own equipment. With the effectiveness o...

Systematic Termite ControlSM (STC) is a program developed by FMC Corporation to provide the professional pest control industry with a new, integrated strategy for the control of subterranean termite populations. The objective of STC is structural protectio,n, i.e., to control termite activity within...

Rigid board insulations, including polystyrenes, polyisocyanurates and others, are used as standard building materials. In the past decade problems developed with subterranean termites entering structures, undetected, when rigid board insulation was installed as a continuous sheet beginning below gr...

Termiticidal activity of deltamethrin as a technical and/or formulated material has been well documented around the world by governmental and university researchers in laboratory and long-term field evaluations. United States Department of Agriculture- Forest Service (USDA-FS) ”Gulfport” field testi...

Intragallery application of 0.23% or 0.5% spinosad (suspension concentrate, SC) resulted in 98-100% drywood termite mortality in a laboratory simulated gallery bioassay and significantly reduced drywood termite activity, as measured using an acoustic emissions detector (AED), in a comparative field ...

A dust containing 80% triflumuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, was tested for its efficacy in eradicating colonies of subterranean termites (Coptotermes spp.) in the Sydney-Newcastle area, Australia. Triflumuron is believed to act on a termite colony in the following way: first the queen stops lay...

Prevention of termite attack is preferable to remedial control. This can be accomplished through good architectural design, use of termite-resistant building materials, installation of physical or chemical barriers to prevent subterranean termite penetration, and possibly also installation of termit...

Trapping and monitoring experiments were conducted in the roof spaces of four buildings infested with deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum de Geer (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Data from sticky traps and an ultra-violet insectocutor showed that adult deathwatch beetles were trapped during the months...

This paper reviews the mode of action, environmental, health and efficacy attributes of borates in remedial timber treatment applications, with an emphasis on the use of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. It also reviews recent research investigating the important role moisture plays in both borate d...

The phenomenon of autogeny has been well known in the Culex pipiens complex which consists of several physiological forms. Females of the autogenous form of Cx. pipiens are able to produce the first egg batch without a previous blood meal, whereas anautogenous females need a blood-meal for egg produ...

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Sukuse) has a potential to transmit some tropical diseases. Established colonies of Ae. albopictus in Guatemala were first discovered in the Caribbean harbor towns of Puerto Barrios and Puerto de Santo Tomas de Castilla, Department of Izabal in 1995. We in...

In 1993 the European Commission put forward a proposal for a mandatory authorisation scheme to cover the supply of biocides. The Directive aims to establish a single market in biocides and provide a high level of control for man and the environment by ensuring that requirements for authorisation are...

CDC traps are employed as an efficient tool in monitoring mosquito population changes, evaluation of climatic and human made changes on species abundance and composition as well as for estimation of success of control programs. Despite the great advantage in labor saving and sampling the species whi...

Environmental alteration, habitat manipulation, introduction of predators appear as promising interventions for integrated mosquito management for Dhaka city. A survey of mosquito breeding grounds in 1994 showed 86.4% less larvae in drains with flowing water than stagnant drains, and 77.7% less in d...

There is an increasing trend to use insecticide impregnated bednets for major interventions in malaria programs today. Deltamethrin has proved to be one of the most effective insecticides for vector control, especially under varying climatic conditions, and is already the most widely used insecticid...

In woodlands of Western Europe, rodents like yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior) or bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber) play an important role in the natural circulation of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. It was possible to catch a total number of 120 small mammals (only first ca...

A total of 12,911 ticks were collected by flagging from 10 localities of the city Prague between 19941997. The detection of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was performed using the indirect immuno-fluorescence method (with polyclonal hyperimmune serum) and 635 ticks collected in a urban park were selected ...

Among argasid ticks, Argas reflexus is one of the main parasites entering and living in houses in many Israeli towns. Its hosts are birds, mainly doves, closely linked with human dwellings. A. latus, a member of the A. reflexus group known only from Turkmenistan, was found in houses in several areas...

A three-stage study was initiated to evaluate ways to use precision-targeting of insecticides for lone star tick (LST) control in Mississippi State parks. The first stage involved an evaluation of the residual effects of three commercially available pyrethroids against the LST, with the purpose of c...

In 1971-72 a large-scale, city-wide campain against Norway rat was carried out by Bábolna Bio in Budapest. The rat infestation rate of premises fell to an average level below 0.5%. Subsequently a complex maintenance program was undertaken. This comprised preventive and curative measures based on dat...

Records of visits to 22,615 dwellings in the London Borough of Southwark, for period October 1993 to December 1998, were examined. Data were analysed for ghost ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum Fab.), pharaoh ants (Monomorium pharaonis L.), house mice (Mus musculus L.) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus ...

At the National Reference Laboratory for Insect and Rodent Control at the National Institute of Public Health, there have been elaborated three methodical instructions concerning the regulation of populations of synanthropic rodents, feral cats, and urban pigeons. Up to the time of their publication...

By the year 2025 about 61% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas, especially in developing countries. The urban population will double from 2.4 billion in 1995 to 5 billion in 2025. The world’s urban population is growing 2.5 times faster than the rural population. The impact on he...

The toxic effects, diagnosis and post-mortem picture of anticoagulant rodenticides were tested in Rattus norvegicus according to OEPP/EEPO No 13, series 10, 1982 method. Experimental animals were fed by a single dose (30 mg/animal) of tested rodenticides. Warfarin in concentrations 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg...

The premise of the discussion presented here is that some of the traditional components of agricultural integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs are either not applicable or not practical for the urban environment. The overall goal of this discussion is t...

Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has become common in field populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in the United States and elsewhere. Some populations are highly resistant to as many as eight or nine pyrethroids. The primary mechanisms of resistance are enzymatic degrad...

This review concerns aspects of climatic and microclimatic effects on biology and pest status of synanthropic pest species. The number of medical and synanthropic pest species in an area parallels overall species richness and the pest faunas of tropics and subtropics are more abundant than the fauna...

Pesticides may be both of chemical and physical nature. Every pesticide may have two biological effects: specific and unspecific. For example, specific effect of juvenoids (chemical pesticide) is mutagenic effect on regulatory genes. Specific effect of ultrasound is increase of temporal variability....

The prevalence and severity of allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and eczema in the developed world are increasing, resulting in greater focus on the causative agents. The majority of cases involve sensitivity to allergens from arthropods. Storage mites are recognised as a source of allergen...

Mite allergens in a house are considered to sensitize the residents at levels more than 2µg/g fine dust and may cause bronchial asthma at the level over 10 µg/g. The floor materials were substituted to cork and the bedding to mite-free one, and reduction of mite allergens and improvement of the symp...

The paper deals with the application of user-friendly programs in mosquito control. Identification of Indian anopheline mosquitoes in malaria control operations is a paramount importance. The WHO monograph which describes the taxonomic data in the form of a pictorial key is generally difficult to un...

The need of improvement of sanitation using modern information technology is presented. The computer information system for the operative and planned support of disinfection, disinsection and deratization (DDD) is explained. Mentioned are used standards as well as program and organising components. ...

Ants and subterranean termites are economically important insect pests in the urban environment. Managing populations of these pests through bait-toxicant control tactics is a viable option that requires a thorough understanding of their biology. The terminology used in describing a bait-toxicant co...

Mosquito-borne disease is an increasing concern in Australia. Endemic malaria has been eradicated but up to 1,000 infections are imported annually and local cases occur occasionally in the northeast, where local Dengue infections are reported annually and Japanese encephalitis virus has been introdu...

A weak link in the implementation of effective termite baiting techniques is reliable recruitment of termite foragers to baits. Little is known about how termites locate food sources, but many factors may influence whether foragers find and recruit to a given bait. These include the abundance and pa...

Using triple-mark-recapture and agonistic behavior studies one colony, consisting of 7 monitoring stations, was determined to consist of approximately 147,000 Reticulitermes foragers. This single colony was baited using Sentricon™ Termite Colony Elimination System. Sixty days later termites were abs...

The Urban Pest Advisory Service with three part-time employees is responsible for the hygienic aspects concerning urban pests in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. The city has a surface of 9,200 hectares and 360,000 inhabitants. The main fields of work are the following: 1. to give advice to the publ...

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) are worldwide prominent pests as haematophagous parasites on humans and domestic animals. This paper emphasizing the central European situation, outlines the biology and the medical significance of four tick species which have often succeeded to colonize suburban environment...