Papers
In a laboratory study, groups of third instar Blatta orientalis nymphs were reared to adulthood in arenas containing fenoxycarb (48 mg ai/m2) treated ceramic or plywood tiles. The reproductive capacity of the emergent adults was assessed by pairing each individual with two untreated individua...
Two mixed-age (semi-natural) populations of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis were established in identical artificial domestic environments contained in steel freight containers. Each population was allowed a 10 week period of acclimation, during which the populations were monitored u...
Commercial bait products are becoming increasingly important for household and industrial pest control. The advantages of baits are widely acknowledged and include convenience and ease of use, discrete placement of the insecticide, reduced environmental contamination and minimal disruption to the cu...
During the first two days of laboratory trials, catches on sticky traps (Ekolex-V) of the German cockroach (Blarrella germmica) were higher than those of subsequent days. In the case of sexed groups of adults, catches of the first and second days ranged from 14.2 to 28.3%. Consecutive daily catches ...
In the home environment allergenic mites are well known inhabitants of textiles and food. In humid dwellings mites and moulds are found on walls. In autumn (1990) textiles and wall surfaces were sampled in eight rooms of four dwellings. The same was done in winter (1990-1991), in seven rooms. Sampli...
Two pyridazinone derivatives, pyridaben and NC- 194, were found by medium mixing test to be potent chemicals which inhibited the growth of Dermatophagoides population. Pyridaben {2-tert-butyl-5- (4-rerz-butybenzylthio)4chloropyridazin-3-(2H)-one}, which is a new agricultural acaricide, suppressed 90...
Resistance to organochlorine, organophosphorous (OP) and carbamate insecticides in the German cockroach Blattella germanica has been documented for many years. In the past, significant bendiocarb resistance has been reported in the United Kingdom. More recently, resistance has been reported to the p...
Laboratory from 1987 to 1991. A screening of the insecticide resistance in B. germanica in some selected locations was conducted with permethrin using tarsal contact tests to estimate KT50, (/WHO/VBC/75.593). Based on these data more detailed measurement of the resistance in the German Cockro...
Multi-resistant strains of Blattella germanica are now common, and strategies for their continued control using conventional insecticides need to be devised rationally if long-term suppression of these nuisance insects is to be achieved. Newer insecticides such as growth regulators may have ...
Several types of Culigel@ superabsorbent polymers were evaluated as matrices for the controlled release and/or encapsulation of insect growth regulators, bacteria, or organophosphates for long-term control of immature mosquitoes or adult and immature cockroaches. Bioassays against mosquito larvae wi...
Insecticidal space sprays are widely and effectively used for control of insects in the urban environment. They are especially useful for flying insect control, be it for disease vector or nuisance pest, but space sprays can also be very effective for rapid control of crawling pests such as cockroac...
German cockroaches (Blattella germanica (L.)) are known to be susceptible to infection by the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapaue (Weiser) (Koehler el. al., 1992). Nematodes placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes (50 nematodes per cm2) killed all adult cockroaches after 3 days o...
A population of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, detected in February 1992, was determined to be well established within a limited residential area of La Mesa, San Diego County, California, U.S.A. The large size of workers and soldiers, and annual swarms of reproduc...
Emulsions of chemicals applied to the surface of seasoned softwoods results in a residue 1-3 mm below the surface, and can provide control of wood-infesting beetles. Borate compounds can be delivered to wood surfaces in sufficient quantities for subsequent diffusion to depths below the surface. The ...
Global potential of sulfuryl fluoride (SF), S02F2, the active ingredient in Vikane* Gas Fumigant is being reexamined in light of recent regulatory pressures on competitive fumigants. Researchers in Europe and Japan are investigating the utility of SF as an alternative to Methyl Bromide for control o...
No choice feeding tests, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) weekly survival and feeding on two bait toxicants was compared for sound sweetgum blocks and those decayed by Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr. At 100 ppm, imidacloprid and sulfluramid showed promise for subterranean ter...
Currently 3 insect growth regulators either are or soon will be labelled as on-animal treatments to control fleas on pets and livestock. These chemicals, fenoxycarb, methoprene and pyriproxyfen are juvenile hormone mimics that disrupt embryonic and post-embryonic development when present during cert...
Modem society has moved from an agricultural base to one that is urbanized. A majority of the world's population, in both developed and developing countries, lives in towns, cities, or large metropolitan areas. Urbanization can often lead to conditions of overcrowding, substandard or inadequate hous...
When parent adults were kept and allowed to oviposit at 20'C in a long day (14L:lOD) regime, and the eggs and hatching larvae were reared at 20°C under the same conditions or in darkness, no or very few (less than 12%) fully-grown larvae entered diapause. When parent adults were kept and allowed to ...
Adult cat fleas often survive several weeks without feeding. However, when newly emerged adults were maintained on filter paper treated with pyriproxyfen at 1.1 pg/cm, they lived only 8 days, compared with low mortality in the controls. Dying fleas examined histologically showed evidence of fat body...
Europe, house dust mites of the family Pyroglyphidae are abundant producers of allergens in dwellings. Their prevalence in dwellings as well as their distribution among different types of home textiles vary in different localities in Europe. The main limiting factor for mite population growth is wat...
German cockroach (Blattella germanica) control treatment history has rarely been accompanied by resistance monitoring in the field. Consequently, while cockroach 'resistance', receives much publicity, it is a fact that, to date, only a handful of complaints that are due to pyrethroid resistance, hav...
Large modem poultry houses in Japan often experience serious fly problems. The house fly, Musca domestica and the lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis are common in poultry houses from spring through fall. The house fly can be controlled effectively using chitin inhibitors but a resist...
Preventing and exterminating clinically relevant concentrations of house dust mite allergen in the urban environment is one of the more interesting challenges for architects and building engineers, pest control contractors, cleaning services, and sanitary biologists. When this challenge is not met, ...
Pest control treatments in museums, galleries and historic collections have traditionally been reactive, in response to damage or insect pests being found. Where control treatments or prophylactic measures are taken the pesticides, adjuvants and caniers can themselves be damaging to historic materia...
In North America 20 species of Camponotus have been recorded as pest species causing either structural damage or occurring as nuisance species. Structurally damaging species are found in the subgenera: Camponotus. Tanaemyrmex, and Myrmothrix. Carpenter ants causing the most seri...
The activities of released German cockroaches in a vacant wooden house were investigated. Migrations to rooms away from the release point were infrequent and most cockroaches remained near the release point. Populations of cockroaches which became established in rooms, increased in summer but decrea...
Commercial formulations of avermectin based baits were evaluated in laboratory and field studies against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In continuous exposure tests with adult males, LT50s ranged from ca. 2.5 to >200d for Roach Ender and an experimental aerosol gel formula...
Observations of the nocturnal behaviour of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, were carried out using single or mixed populations of males, gravid females, ungravid females and nymphs. The results of these studies can be summarised as follows: 1. The proportion of cockroaches present i...
Small groups of nymphs and adults, or of 5th and 6th instar nymphs of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis, were exposed to hydramethylnon baits Maxforce) for periods of time ranging from 1 to 14 days. These insects were also given access to standard laboratory cockroach food as an altern...
Cockroach control in the Netherlands is carried out with the use of the synthetic pyrethroids deltamethrin, cyfiuthrin or permethrin or of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. The German cockroach is the species most frequently found in buildings. There are some indications that resistance against inse...
The small (1mrn long), wingless, psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) (Psocoptera, Liposcelidae), is found throughout the world and is frequently a pest of farinaceous food stores. Since the early 1940's, when this insect was recorded for the first time in southern England, it has spr...
Elevation of esterase activity is the most common form of organophosphate resistance in the Culex pipiens complex. There are several electrophoretically distinguishable forms of esterase which can be elevated. Raymond et a1 (1991) have put forward the hypothesis that the most common form of e...
Mixed stage cultures of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Acarus siro L. were placed inside, between and under 32kg sacks in a one tonne stack of bagged flour and exposed...
The distribution of cypermethrin (Demon@) affected by formulations and surfactants in a sandy loam soil was determined. Eight treatments consisted of Demon TC (25.3 % cypermethrin, emulsifiable concentrate) or Demon Wettable Powder (40.0% cypermethrin) with 0.25% A1 concentration mixed with or witho...
Concrete, wood, glass and ceramic tiles were treated with the same quantity of active ingredient applied at different concentrations. The active ingredients, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and bendiocarb were used. The formulations were diluted in water. Either 1 litre; 0.6 or 0.5 litre; 0.3 or 0.25...
House dust mites are together with pets the most important source of allergens in dwellings in western Europe. In a recently developed semi-natural test system, mites may be studied in an environment comparable to the dwelling situation. In this laboratory test, it should also be possible to determi...
A number of species of carpet beetles (Anthrenus spp) that are household pests attack museum collections and can cause severe damage to natural history specimens, textiles and ethnographic objects. Many of the species such as the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. have their ori...
A new class of chemistry, the fluorosulfonates, is being developed for the control of structural pests such as ants and termites. The novel bait chemistry has been found to be effective over a wide range of dose dependent concentrations over most structural pests. A brief review of the data is prese...
Triflumuron is a substituted benzoylphenyl urea compound with a good chitin synthesis inhibition activity. Trial data is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of triflumuron applied as a 480 g/litre suspension concentrate, product name Starycide', against the German cockroach. Two experimental metho...
Decision-making for managing household cockroach infestations is a complicated process. Proper decisions concerning cockroach pest management should be made based on the integration of 1) biotic factors, such as pest biology, ecology, and behavior; 2) abiotic environmental factors, such as temperatu...
The ability of Aprostocetus (Tetrastichus) hagenowii (Ratzeburg) to find oothecae in plumbing chases infested with American cockroaches was evaluated using different release strategies for six weeks. This pilot study used forty-three plumbing chases. Chases were assigned one of four treatments (rele...
A focal point for pest management programs is often limiting the amount of insecticide to the minimum level while still maintaining the maximum benefit for population reduction. With that in mind we conducted a field study in 28 homes to evaluate the efficacy of applying insecticide to habitats iden...
Pests are attracted to buildings for shelter, food and harbourage. They will take advantage of many different types of hiding places, from tiny crevices to large hollow spaces. The benefits of these hiding places to pests are two fold. Firstly concealment can allow quite large populations to develop...
The ability of mobile stages of oriental cockroaches to survive at -5C increased with acclimation at 10°C. Fully acclimated insects had LT5Os (time) of 1.3 - 4.1 days, depending on stage. A minimum of 8 days at - 5°C or 1 days at - 10°C was required to kill all stages; insects could survive for more...
This paper reviews the need for change in the techniques and materials that, until recently, have been the mainstays for dealing with insect infestation in homes, hospitals, food premises and other public buildings. Recent years have already seen the introduction of substantial changes including the...
Pheromone usage in Urban and Stored Products Entomology has been confined predominantly to insect pest monitoring to date and only in a few cases have pheromones been used for direct population suppression. Thls paper reviews the advances that have been made over recent years in the use of pheromone...
Three potential biological control organisms, a fungus Beauveria bassiana, a protozoan Thelohania solenopsis and a parasite, Solenopsis daguerrei are being evaluated in the field to suppress fire ant populations. All of these organisms have some detrimental effect on fire ants i...
Soil termiticide treatments provide a bamer to exclude soil-borne termites from structures. The vast populations of subterranean termites are generally unaffected by the termiticide application. In the future, monitoring, exclusion (physical or chemical bamers), and population suppression devices (b...
Sulfuryl fluoride is a well-known fumigant in the USA. The procedure of its first use in Europe for controlling wood boring insects in a structure is described.
The role of biting or bloodsucking pesu such a lice, bedbug and flea in the'transmission of human pathogens is well known. The role of other anhropod pesu such as cockroaches, ants and flies is less clear and whilst there is a large body of evidence that they carry a wide range of pathogenic organis...
Public pressures, and mandates by government agencies will require that we develop strategies that reduce exposure of humans to pesticides. These must be developed so that they manipulate populations to the extent that likelihood of infestation is reduced, or assuming that they will infest a structu...